April 17, 2025 | 05:21 GMT +7

  • Click to copy
Tuesday- 16:49, 04/03/2025

This rare coffee bean may someday be your new brew

(VAN) Coffee made from excelsa tastes sweet — unlike robusta — with notes of chocolate, dark fruits and hazelnut. It’s more similar to arabica, but generally less bitter and may have less body.
Excelsa coffee cherries are harvested at a farm near Nzara, South Sudan on Friday, Feb. 14, 2025. Photo: AP/Brian Inganga.

Excelsa coffee cherries are harvested at a farm near Nzara, South Sudan on Friday, Feb. 14, 2025. Photo: AP/Brian Inganga.

Catherine Bashiama runs her fingers along the branches of the coffee tree she’s raised from a seedling, searching anxiously for its first fruit buds since she planted it three years ago. When she grasps the small cherries, Bashiama beams.

The farmer had never grown coffee in her village in western South Sudan, but now hopes a rare, climate-resistant species will help pull her family from poverty. “I want to send my children to school so they can be the future generation,” said Bashiama, a mother of 12.

Discovered more than a century ago in South Sudan, excelsa coffee is exciting cash-strapped locals and drawing interest from the international community amid a global coffee crisis caused mainly by climate change. As leading coffee-producing countries struggle to grow crops in drier, less reliable weather, prices have soared to the highest in decades and the industry is scrambling for solutions.

Experts say estimates from drought-stricken Brazil, the world’s top coffee grower, are that this year’s harvest could be down by some 12%.

“What history shows us is that sometimes the world doesn’t give you a choice, and right now there are many coffee farmers suffering from climate change that are facing this predicament,” said Aaron Davis, head of coffee research at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in London.

Excelsa could play a key role in adapting.

Native to South Sudan and a handful of other African countries, including Congo, Central African Republic and Uganda, excelsa is also farmed in India, Indonesia and Vietnam. The tree’s deep roots, thick leathery leaves and big trunk allow it to thrive in extreme conditions such as drought and heat where other coffees cannot. It’s also resistant to many common coffee pests and diseases.

Yet it comprises less than 1% of the global market, well behind the arabica and robusta species that are the most consumed coffees in the world. Experts say excelsa will have to be shown to be practical at a much larger scale to bridge the gap in the market caused by climate change.

Coffee’s history in South Sudan

Unlike neighboring Ethiopia or Uganda, oil-rich South Sudan has never been known as a coffee-producing nation.

Its British colonizers grew robusta and arabica, but much of that stopped during decades of conflict that forced people from their homes and made it hard to farm. Coffee trees require regular care such as pruning and weeding and take at least three years to yield fruit.

During a visit earlier this month to Nzara County in Western Equatoria state — regarded as the country’s breadbasket — residents reminisced to Associated Press reporters about their parents and grandparents growing coffee, yet much of the younger generation hadn’t done it themselves.

Many were familiar with excelsa, but didn’t realize how unique it was, or what it was called, referring to it as the big tree, typically taller than the arabica and robusta species that are usually pruned to be bush- or hedge-like. The excelsa trees can reach 15 meters (about 49 feet) in height, but may also be pruned much shorter for ease of harvesting.

Coffee made from excelsa tastes sweet — unlike robusta — with notes of chocolate, dark fruits and hazelnut. It’s more similar to arabica, but generally less bitter and may have less body.

“There’s so little known about this coffee, that we feel at the forefront to trying to unravel it and we’re learning every day,” said Ian Paterson, managing director of Equatoria Teak, a sustainable agro-forestry company that’s been operating in the country for more than a decade.

The company’s been doing trials on excelsa for years. Initial results are promising, with the trees able to withstand heat much better than other species, the company said. It’s also working with communities to revive the coffee industry and scale up production. Three years ago it gave seedlings and training to about 1,500 farmers, including Bashiama, to help them grow the coffee. The farmers can sell back to the company for processing and export.

Many of the trees started producing for the first time this year, and Paterson said he hopes to export the first batch of some 7 tons to specialty shops in Europe. By 2027, the coffee could inject some $2 million into the economy, with big buyers such as Nespresso expressing interest. But production needs to triple for it to be worthwhile for large buyers to invest, he said.

Challenges of growing an industry amid South Sudan’s instability

That could be challenging in South Sudan, where lack of infrastructure and insecurity make it hard to get the coffee out.

One truck of 30 tons of coffee has to travel some 1,800 miles (3,000 kilometers) to reach the port in Kenya to be shipped. The cost for the first leg of that trip, through Uganda, is more than $7,500, which is up to five times the cost in neighboring countries.

It’s also hard to attract investors.

Despite a peace deal in 2018 that ended a five-year civil war, pockets of fighting persist. Tensions in Western Equatoria are especially high after the president removed the governor in February, sparking anger among his supporters. When AP reporters visited Nzara, the main road to town was cut off one day because of gunshots and people were fleeing their villages, fearful of further violence.

The government says companies can operate safely, but warned them to focus on business.

“If I’m a businessman, dealing with my business, let me not mix with politics. Once you start mixing your business with politics, definitely you will end up in chaos,” said Alison Barnaba, the state’s minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Environment.

Barnaba said there are plans to rehabilitate old coffee plantations and build an agriculture school, but details are murky, including where the money will come from. South Sudan hasn’t paid its civil servants in more than a year, and a rupture of a crucial oil pipeline through neighboring Sudan has tanked oil revenue.

Growing the coffee isn’t always easy, either. Farmers have to contend with fires that spread quickly in the dry season and decimate their crops. Hunters use fires to scare and kill animals and residents use it to clear land for cultivation. But the fires can get out of control and there are few measures in place to hold people accountable, say residents.

Coffee as a way out of poverty

Still, for locals, the coffee represents a chance at a better future.

Bashiama said she started planting coffee after her husband was injured and unable to help cultivate enough of the maize and ground nuts that the family had lived on. Since his accident she hasn’t been able to send her children to school or buy enough food, she said.

Another farmer, 37-year-old Taban John, wants to use his coffee earnings to buy a bicycle so he can more easily sell his other crops, ground nuts and cassava, and other goods in town. He also wants to be able to afford school uniforms for his children.

Excelsa is an opportunity for the community to become more financially independent, say community leaders. People rely on the government or foreign aid, but when that doesn’t come through they’re not able to take care of their families, they say.

But for coffee to thrive in South Sudan, locals say there needs to be a long-term mentality, and that requires stability.

Elia Box lost half of his coffee crop to fire in early February. He plans to replace it, but was dispirited at the work it will require and the lack of law and order to hold people accountable.

“People aren’t thinking long-term like coffee crops, during war,” he said. “Coffee needs peace.”

H.D

mercurynews

Sustainable animal and aquatic foods: A new direction for food systems

Sustainable animal and aquatic foods: A new direction for food systems

(VAN) The CGIAR’s Sustainable Animal and Aquatic Foods (SAAF) program represents a new approach that emphasizes the transformation of food systems toward sustainability.

A 'green revolution' is needed to shift from industrial agriculture to agroecology

A 'green revolution' is needed to shift from industrial agriculture to agroecology

(VAN) Scientists assume that industrial agriculture has been 'outdated.' As a result, a comprehensive overhaul or a revolution in the direction of embracing ecological agriculture is needed.

The rice fields that ‘pave the way’ for scaling up One Million Hectares Rice Project

The rice fields that ‘pave the way’ for scaling up One Million Hectares Rice Project

(VAN) The results from pilot fields are catalyzing the expansion of the One million hectares of high-quality, low-emission rice project in Kien Giang.

Cuc Phuong National Park rescues many rare wildlife species from Da Nang

Cuc Phuong National Park rescues many rare wildlife species from Da Nang

(VAN) On the morning of April 11, Cuc Phuong National Park received 18 individuals of endangered and rare wild animals from Da Nang city.

FAO supports Vietnam in collecting data for 2025 Agricultural and Rural Census

FAO supports Vietnam in collecting data for 2025 Agricultural and Rural Census

(VAN) FAO supports Vietnam in enhancing survey sampling techniques for the 2025 nationwide agricultural and rural census.

Green transition: A foundation for a sustainable and equitable economy

Green transition: A foundation for a sustainable and equitable economy

(VAN) By participating in the green transition, manufacturers become an indispensable part of the circular economy, contributing to resource optimization and environmental protection.

How can 14 million tons of rice straw from one million hectares of rice be used?

How can 14 million tons of rice straw from one million hectares of rice be used?

(VAN) The One Million Hectares of High-Quality and Low-Emission Rice Program can generate nearly 14 million tons of straw annually, posing an urgent requirement to diversify straw-based products.

Read more